Liberal Humanism:

Hypothesis: The English word ‘theory’ is gotten from a specialized term of theory in old Greek. It originates from the word ‘theria’ which implies ‘a looking workmanship, seeing or beholding’. In progressively specialized setting, it comes to allude to theoretical understandings of regular things. Pythagoras just because builds up the importance of ‘theory’. To him the word implies an energetic, thoughtful examination of numerical and logical information. Then again Aristotle accepts that ‘theory’ is diverged from praxis or practice. For him both practice and hypothesis include thinking yet the points are different.Theoretical thought considers things which individuals can't move or change and which has no human point separated from itself. In actuality, praxis includes thinking consistently with a plan to wanted activities whereby people cause change or development themselves for their own finishes. Hypothesis is reall y a mind boggling worldview in light of the fact that it fuses various territories, for example, hypothesis of the writing, science, innovation, governmental issues, etc. It is normally however that hypothesis is the deliberate record of the idea of any field and how this nature can be broke down. Sequential DEVLOPMENT OF â€Å"THEORY†:One hypothesis brings forth another hypothesis. The development of basic hypothesis in the post-war period appears to include a progression of ‘waves’ being related with a particular decade and all pointed against the liberal humanist agreement. In 1960s, two new terms were showed up. â€Å"Marxist Criticism†, which had been spearheaded during the 1930s, reawakened during the 1960s and â€Å"psychoanalytic Criticism† came during the 1960s. In 1970s news spread in artistic basic circles in Britain and U. S. A. about specific â€Å"structuralism† and â€Å"post-structuralism†, the two of which started In F rance.In the mid 1980s two new structures political and recorded analysis rose â€Å"new historicism†. At last, during the 1980s, a stupendous clarification appeared to be occurring there was an unequivocal float towards dispersal, mixture and uncommon intrigue types of analysis and hypothesis. Therefore, post-imperialism dismisses the possibility of all around material Marxist clarifications. In like manner post-innovation focuses on the divided idea of much contemporary experience. Women's liberation likewise gives indications of dissolving sex examines, with gay and lesbian writings rising as particular fields of writing, and subsequently inferring and creating ppropriate and unmistakable basic methodologies. LIBERAL HUMANISM: Liberal Humanism alludes to the possibility that we can comprehend or clarify our reality through sound enquiry. It rejects clarifications dependent on the extraordinary or awesome powers. This thought turned into the reason for the advancement of sc ience on the Western world. It’s a type of theory focused on the flawlessness of a common life, instead of on the groundwork for an interminable and profound life. In reasoning and sociology, humanism alludes to a point of view that certifies some idea of a â€Å"human nature†.The word â€Å"humanist† gets from the fifteenth century Italian term umanista. The term ‘liberal humanism' indicates the decision suspicions, qualities and implications of the cutting edge age. It professes to be both regular and all inclusive. The basic component of liberal humanism is ‘freedom’. It isn't related with extraordinary things. Or maybe it accepts that our perception can be clarified by human examination and thought. The conventions of liberal humanism are: * To know obscure and to make uncreated * Having objective workforce * Being self ward * Superiority of people Absolute opportunity of human brain *Having the privilege and obligation to give importance and shape to our lives. Rise OF LIBERAL HUMANISM: Liberal Humanism initiates balanced enquiry and rejects the powerful or the domain of feelings. It was a reaction to the Dark Ages when individuals had confidence in religion indiscriminately. The hold of the Church was solid to such an extent that even the lord needed to bow down to its choices. Around then, individuals were informed that they should acknowledge their submit in the request of religion. A while later, humanism accompanied a faith in the opportunity of people to control their own destinies.It created during the fourteenth and the start of the fifteenth hundreds of years, and was a reaction to the test of medieval academic instruction underlining useful, pre-proficient and logical investigations. Bit by bit, individuals began scrutinizing the lessons of the congregation. Martin Luther King demanded perusing the Bible as opposed to following the translations of the cleric. He contended that we should follow religion sou ndly. Numerous individuals began scrutinizing the unbending formal parts of religion as well. Indeed, even researchers like Galileo contend that one must peruse the book of nature.Such thoughts advance the development of science and fortify the confidence in perception and balanced investigation. It is in such a unique circumstance, that humanism rises. With this, we additionally observe a restoration in the investigation of Classical Greek and Roman writings. We see the development of confidence in human instead of celestial. Along these lines, liberal humanism has made human brain liberated from the current servitude of religion in Middle age. PLATO (427-347): Plato is the organizer of reasoning in antiquated Greece KEY FACTS: *The material we see through our body and our faculties isn't this present reality yet a blemished duplicate of a perfect world. Works of art to imitate or speak to the discernible material world. *Literature is significant and should be managed or administe red in light of the fact that it powerfully affects its perusers. *The substance of writing is a higher priority than the structure it comes in. As per Plato’s theory, reason was the most noteworthy type of thought and the best methods for persuading social information. For Plato, reason is a procedure of coherent finding. Stories, verse and dramatization request to their audiences’ feeling more than to the judicious minds.As workmanship stirs feelings, it can never be valid. He said that fact must be captured through levelheaded idea, as exemplified in Mathematics. Plato and his devotees disregarded the way that we can see with our physical faculties. In this domain, things stay in their absolute best structure and never show signs of change. Their static condition makes them interminable and along these lines the pith of the considerable number of things that exist in our material world are only duplicates of the structure that exist in the perfect world. As they are duplicates, they are essentially less flawless than the first forms.According to Plato, we can comprehend the universe of structures just through explanation and the procedure of legitimate contention. Savants use rationale and motivation to find truth. On the other hand, specialists inspire feelings by making portrayals of the world. Plato thought about all expressions as authentic. Workmanship makes image of the material discernible world which Plato called â€Å"nature†. In any case, ‘nature’ is itself just a proliferation, a duplicate of what exist in the ideal structure in the domain of the perfect. Along these lines, any craftsmanship that duplicates nature is only replicating from a duplicate. An artist’s work is constantly expelled from the universe of truth and perfect perfection.As their manifestations are duplicates of duplicates and these duplicates energize emotions as opposed to reason, Plato stressed that craftsmanship and craftsman may com promise social request, and the endless certainties. In book X of The republic, Plato focuses explicitly to writers and verse in notice that every single wonderful impersonation are ruinous to the comprehension of the listeners, except if as a cure they have the information on the genuine idea of the information. Plato stressed that craftsmanship, including scholarly workmanship like verse and show lie and impact their crowd in nonsensical ways.This instructive analysis contends that writing is an incredible mechanism for stimulating feelings, without fundamentally introducing any discerning evaluation that it can introduce a consistent peril to its crowd. Moral analysis centers around the substance of a work of writing, asking whether its impact is fortunate or unfortunate instead of paying feelings to its masterful or formal qualities. Aristotle (384-322 BCE) Aristotle, one of the antiquated Greek logicians, is the ‘founding father’ of western idea. KEY FACTS: *Aristo tle’s primary concern was in the structure and solidarity of a creative work. Craftsmanship isn't paired to the explanation and threatening to rationale and soundness. *Reality dwells in the alterable universe of sense recognitions or, the physical, material world. * ‘Form' of Ideal can just exist in unmistakable instances of that structure. Aristotle was less inspired by the substance of writing than in its structures. As per Aristotle, craftsmanship isn't an impersonation or a propagation of nature of the world we see with our faculties. So it's anything but a sub-par proliferation or duplicate of nature rather it is a procedure of articulating the occasions of nature or paint which assists with improving or complete nature.For model, when a craftsman portrays a cherry tree or composes a sonnet about it, the individual in question doesn't simply duplicate the tree however makes another adaptation of the tree through the procedure. With the assistance of hues or words the craftsman re-makes it. Craftsmen are significant on the grounds that craftsmanship forces request on a cluttered and clamorous normal world. Writing especially forces a specific sort of account request on occasions. Consequently there is a start, center and an end what is depicted in words. Aristotle accepts that workmanship and writing total a procedure which the common world leaves incomplete.Nature simply shows us with occasions and tactile encounters while craftsmanship furnishes us with their significance. Therefore craftsmanship and writing are a positive social power which is differentiating to Plato’s see. Aristotle’s expressions, making request and framework help to discover joy in the portrayal of a reasonable and important reality. The p

How To Develop An Effective Relationship With Your Co-Worker

Instructions to Develop An Effective Relationship With Your Co-Worker You can submarine your vocation and work connections by the moves you make and the practices you display at work. Regardless of your instruction, your experience, or your title, on the off chance that you cannot play well with others, you will never achieve your work strategic Powerful work connections structure the foundation for progress and fulfillment with your activity and your profession. How significant are powerful work connections? Powerful work connections structure the reason for advancement, pay expands, objective achievement, and employment fulfillment. A director in a few hundred man organization immediately earned a notoriety for not playing admirably with others. He gathered information and utilized the information to discover issue, place fault, and make different workers look terrible. He delighted in recognizing issues however once in a while recommended arrangements. He irritated his chief week after week for a greater title and more cash so he could instruct different representatives. At the point when he reported he was work chasing, not a solitary worker proposed that the organization make a move to persuade him to remain. He had cut off his ties. These are the best seven different ways you can play well with others at work. They structure the reason for powerful work connections. These are the moves you need to make to make a constructive, enabling, persuasive workplace for individuals. Carry recommended arrangements with the issues to the gathering table. A few workers invest an excessive measure of energy distinguishing issues. Genuinely? That is the simple part. Astute arrangements are the test that will acquire regard and esteem from associates and supervisors Dont ever refuse to accept responsibility for the issues at hand. You estrange associates, directors, and announcing staff. Indeed, you may need to distinguish who was associated with an issue. You may even ask the Deming inquiry: shouldn't something be said about the work framework made the representative come up short? Be that as it may, not my deficiency and freely distinguishing and censuring others for disappointments will procure adversaries. These foes will, thusly, help you to come up short. You do require partners at work. Your verbal and nonverbal correspondence matters. In the event that you speak condescendingly to another worker, use mockery, or sound terrible, the other representative hears you. We are all radar machines that continually scope out our environment.In one association an elevated level supervisor said to me, I know you dont figure I should shout at my representatives. Be that as it may, now and again, they make me so frantic. When is it proper for me to shout at the representatives? Answer? Never, obviously, if regard for individuals is a sign of your association. Never blind spot a colleague, chief, or announcing staff individual. In the event that the first run through a colleague finds out about an issue is in a workforce gathering or from an email sent to his director, you have dazzle sided the associate. Continuously talk about issues, first, with the individuals legitimately included who own the work framework. Additionally called lynching or ambushing your associates, you will never assemble viable work coalitions except if your colleagues trust you. Furthermore, without coalitions, you never achieve the most significant objectives. Keep your responsibilities. In an association, work is interconnected. On the off chance that you neglect to fulfill time constraints and responsibilities, you influence crafted by different representatives. Continuously keep duties, and in the event that you cannot, ensure every influenced representative realize what occurred. Give another due date and put forth every conceivable attempt to respect the new cutoff time. Offer credit for achievements, thoughts, and commitments. How frequently do you achieve an objective or complete an undertaking with no assistance from others? In the event that you are a director, what number of the extraordinary thoughts you advance were contributed by staff individuals? Take the time, and use the vitality, to thank, reward, perceive and determine commitments of the individuals who help you succeed. This is a no-bomb way to deal with building powerful work connections. Help different workers discover their enormity. Each representative in your association has gifts, aptitudes, and experience. In the event that you can help individual workers bridle their best capacities, you advantage the association endlessly. The development of individual workers benefits the entirety. Praise, perceive, applause, and notice commitments. You dont must be a supervisor to help make a positive, inspiring condition for workers. In this condition, representatives do discover and contribute their significance. In the event that you consistently complete these seven activities, you will play well with others and create successful work connections. Associates will esteem you as a partner. Managers will trust you play on the correct group. Youll achieve your work objectives, and you may even experience fun, acknowledgment, and individual inspiration. Work cannot beat that. Step by step instructions to Develop An Effective Relationship With Your Boss These means will assist you with building up a positive, continuous, strong relationship with your supervisor a relationship that serves you well, your director well, and, as an outcome, your association well. The initial phase in overseeing up is to build up a positive relationship with your chief. Connections depend on trust. Do what you state youll do. Keep course of events responsibilities. Never blind spot your administrator with shocks that you could have anticipated or forestalled. Keep her educated about your ventures and collaborations with the remainder of the association. Tell the supervisor when youve made a blunder or one of your detailing staff has committed an error. Smoke screens dont add to a viable relationship. Falsehoods or endeavors to deceive consistently bring about further worry for you as you stress over getting captured or some way or another making mistakes in the consistency of your story. Impart every day or week by week to fabricate the relationship. Become more acquainted with your administrator as an individual she is one, all things considered. She shares the human experience, similarly as you do, with the entirety of its delights and distresses. Perceive that accomplishment at work isn't about you; put your bosss needs at the focal point of your universe. Recognize your bosss zones of shortcoming or most prominent difficulties and ask what you can do to help. What are your bosss greatest concerns; by what method can your commitment alleviate these worries? Comprehend your bosss objectives and needs. Spot accentuation in your work to coordinate her needs. Think as far as the general achievement of your area of expertise and friends, not just about your progressively tight world at work. Search for and center around the best pieces of your chief; pretty much every supervisor has both valid statements and awful. When youre negative about your chief, the propensity is to concentrate on his most noticeably awful characteristics and failings. This is neither positive for your work joy nor your possibilities for accomplishment in your association. Rather, praise your supervisor on something he progresses nicely. Give positive acknowledgment to commitments to your prosperity. Cause your manager to feel esteemed. Isnt this what you need from him for you? Your manager is probably not going to transform; she can decide to change, however the individual who appears at work each day has required forever and a day of exertion on her part to make. What's more, who your manager is has worked for her before and fortified her activities and convictions. Rather than attempting to change your chief, center rather, on attempting to comprehend your bosss work style.Identify what she esteems in a worker. Does she like regular correspondence, self-governing representatives, demands recorded as a hard copy ahead of time of meeting, or casual discussion as you go in the passage. Your bosss inclinations are significant and the better you get them, the better you will work with her. Figuring out how to peruse your bosss dispositions and responses is likewise an accommodating way to deal with impart all the more viably with him. There are times when you dont need to present new thoughts; in the event that he is engrossed with making this months numbers, your thought for a multi month improvement may not be opportune. Issues at home or a relative in bombing wellbeing influence every one of your work environment practices and receptiveness to an improvement conversation. Furthermore, if your manager routinely responds similarly to comparative thoughts, investigate what he generally likes or abhorrences about your recommendations. Gain from your chief. Albeit a few days it may not feel like it, your supervisor has a lot to instruct you. Welcome that she was advanced on the grounds that your association discovered parts of her work, activities, and additionally the executives style beneficial. Advancements are generally the consequence of compelling work and fruitful commitments. In this way, pose inquiries to learn and listen more than you address build up a compelling relationship with your chief. Approach your supervisor for criticism. Let the manager assume the job of mentor and coach. Recollect that your manager cannot guess what you might be thinking. Empower him to offer you acknowledgment for your phenomenal presentation. Ensure he recognizes what you have achieved. Make a space in your discussion for him to laud and bless your heart. Worth your bosss time. Attempt to plan, at any rate, a week after week meeting during which you are set up with a rundown of what you need and your inquiries. This permits him to achieve work without ordinary interference. Tie your work, your solicitations, and your undertaking heading to your bosss and the companys all-encompassing objectives. When making recommendations to your chief, attempt to see the bigger picture. There are numerous reasons why your recommendation may not be received: assets, time, objectives, and vision. Keep up severe privacy. In your relationship with your supervisor you will once in a while differ and periodically experience a passionate response. Dont hold feelings of resentment. Dont make dangers about leaving. Contradiction is fine; disunity isn't. Get over it. You have to grapple with the way that your supervisor has more position and force than you do. You are probably not going to consistently get your direction. Worker Relations Strategic Plan your meaning of worker relations what sort of industry youre in what number of representatives your organization has regardless of whether you have an association if not, how huge is the danger of unionization what your turnover rate is what your compensation rates and advantages plans are contrasted with contending (vieing for your items as well as com

E-book and real book Essay

On the off chance that you analyze genuine book and digital book, a large portion of the individuals like genuine book than digital book. Some of them feel that perusing digital book is hurting their eyes or utilize genuine book for an improvement to show they are knowledge. Albeit genuine book has a specific spot in people’s heart, digital book can supplant genuine book in a brief timeframe in Hong Kong in light of the fact that digital books have a few focal points that genuine book didn't in the accommodation viewpoint, financial angle and capacity of the book. First is the accommodation viewpoint. Will you bring a book when you hang out? Presumably you won't yet for the most part your advanced cell will tail you anyplace which mean you can peruse the digital book in your PDA anyplace. It is very accommodation when you have to peruse the digital books. What about when you don't have to peruse the book? Hong Kong is a rare spot with a gigantic populace, few out of every odd individuals have a spot to hold countless genuine books. Yet, holding digital book won't cause this sort of issue since you can spare a thousand of books in your small memory card yet not a cumbersome cabinet. Likewise after you finish read that digital book you can erase it and have the space again which won't cause the earth issue which you toss a genuine book On the financial viewpoint, distribute a genuine book is more costly than a digital book typically, in light of the fact that distribute a genuine book need to include the printing charges, the expense of crude materials etcetera which will cause a high prime expense and the cost will move to the clients. In any case, the digital book didn't have to include those printing expenses, so the expense of the book can be lessen. In conclusion is the capacity of the book. For the genuine book, the fundamental capacity is to peruse which is only same as the digital book however a few people like genuine book is simply because different elements of the genuine book to be an adornment which they will purchase the books which they will never peruse and put it on the shelf until the end of time. I think this is a disrespect to the book and the author. For the digital book, it doesn't have that shame capacity and it can have numerous distinction capacities. One fundamental capacity is to change the word size or the zoom in work, this capacity is comfort to the old or individuals with eyes sickness which those individuals can without much of a stretch to peruse the book. Another principle work is the association work. This capacity can pull in kids to understand book. Likewise activity and sound ca n be found in the digital book which is more appealing than the genuine book which just can incorporate words and pictures. It isn't hard to gauge the eventual fate of digital books.

The development of Tesco Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The advancement of Tesco - Essay Example Table 1 shows the recorded timetable of Tesco. The principal section shows the year when the occasions occurred. The subsequent segment gives more subtleties by uncovering the advancements which happened in the business association. The improvement of Tesco can be isolated into three particular stages: arrangement; after war advancement; and extension. The main stage begins with the establishment of the organization in 1919 and closes with formal opening of the first Tesco store in Burnt Oak, Edgware, London. After war advancement initiates with the retailer's first sale of stock (IPO). Fast development was seen as Tesco opens its first market and superstore. The last stage includes the quick extension of Tesco PLC both in new item regions and geographic area. All through this stage, the organization used the new patterns in worldwide retailing to improve its items and administrations. Similarly as with some other business association, the retailer is additionally presented to the dangers and difficulties present in the current worldwide business field. It is evident that natural elements are vital in molding the scene where every association works. As Kotler puts it, associations are presently working in a hypercompetitive business condition where there is a progressively extreme competition among industry players and higher purchasers' influence. These variables become the principle difficulties and vulnerabilities inside which every contender like Tesco must tailor its technique for. With its development stage,

Sigmund Freuds Final Years

Sigmund Freud's Final Years History and Biographies Print Sigmund Freuds Final Years By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on November 25, 2018 Jim Dyson / Getty Images More in Psychology History and Biographies Psychotherapy Basics Student Resources Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming Sigmund Freud was one of psychologys most famous theorists and he remains an influential figure to this day. While he spent most of his life and career working and developing his theories in Vienna, Austria, the final years of his life were a time of considerable change. Learn more about the final years of Freuds life and the ultimate cause of his death. The Final Year of Freuds Life Sigmund Freud died in London on September 23, 1939, at the age of 83. The final year of Freuds life was a time of upheaval and struggles with illness. He had spent most of his life living and working in Vienna, but all this changed when the Nazis annexed Austria in 1938. In addition to being Jewish, Freuds fame as the founder of psychoanalysis made him a target. Both Sigmund Freud and his daughter Anna were interrogated by the Gestapo, and many of his books were burned. In his final interview with the Gestapo, Freud was forced to sign a statement saying that he had not been mistreated. Freud sarcastically commented, I can most highly recommend the Gestapo to everyone. Leaving Vienna for London Shortly after, a family friend secured the safe passage of Freud, his wife Martha and daughter Anna to England. One of Freuds sisters had moved to the U.S. many years prior and his brother also managed to leave Austria in 1938, but some of Freuds family members were not so fortunate. Despite several attempts to get his four sisters, Dolfi, Mitzi, Rosa, and Pauli, out of the country, none were successful and all four women later died in concentration camps. Freud left Vienna on June 4, 1938, arriving two days later in London, England. The triumphant feeling of liberation, he wrote, is mingled too strongly with mourning, for one had still very much loved the prison from which one has been released. Once they arrived in London, Sigmund and Martha settled into a new home at 20 Maresfield Gardens. A heavy cigar smoker, Freud had been suffering from mouth cancer since 1923 and had already undergone several operations. After his cancer returned, his doctors declared that the tumor was inoperable. His beloved dog would howl in his presence due to the scent of Freuds necrotic jaw bone.  He was also forced to wear an oral prosthesis to keep his nasal and oral cavities separated, making it difficult to either eat or speak. While talking became painful and difficult due to cancer, he recorded a brief message for the BBC on December 7, 1938. Freud was 81 years old at the time and the message is the only known recording of his voice in existence. On September 21, 1939, Freud asked his doctor to administer a fatal dose of morphine. Freuds doctor later wrote, When he was again in agony, I gave him a hypodermic of two centigrams of morphine. He soon felt relief and fell into a peaceful sleep. The expression of pain and suffering was gone. I repeated this dose after about 12 hours. Freud was obviously so close to the end of his reserves that he lapsed into a coma and did not wake up again.” Freud died on the morning of September 23, 1939.  Three days later, his body was cremated and his ashes placed in an ancient Greek urn originally gifted to him by his friend Marie Bonaparte. Freuds Most Important Books Thieves Later Attempt to Steal Urn Containing Freuds Ashes In January of 2014, British police found themselves on the hunt for burglars who apparently tried to steal the ashes of psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud. According to police, the robbery attempt occurred at a London crematorium on December 31 or January 1. The 2,300-year-old urn containing the cremated ashes of Freud and his wife Martha was damaged in the attempt. This was a despicable act by a callous thief, said Detective Constable Daniel Candler. Even leaving aside the financial value of the irreplaceable urn and the historical significance of to whom it related, the fact that someone set out to take an object knowing it contained the last remains of a person defies belief. 10 Things You Might Not Know About Sigmund Freud

International Law and Politics and Collective Security - Free Essay Example

International Law and Politics In the 20th century, the hope that international organisation to safeguard the peace and security by preventing war or failing that, to defend States which subjected to armed attack in an organised and collective manner is now embodied in the concept of collective security.[1] Art1 of UN Charter[2] emphasises on the maintenance of international peace and security, and this is achieved by à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"effective collective measuresà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ as mentioned in the same paragraph. Claude illustrated the importance of this mechanism to maintain peace by using the example that the society cannot educate the children without an operating system of school. Collective security system has been given chance to come in play after the disintegration of East Block and the end of cold war, however its effectiveness is still subjected to controversy. On one hand, it has provided framework to minimise the conflicts from becoming major threats to world peace and conversely this system is hijacked by the world big powers sitting in the UN Security Council (SC) with their personal interests in mind.[3] Varieties of legal problems that have practical importance were surfaced due to political difficulties and ambiguities of the language of the UN Charter.[4] The UN Charter introduced a new solution to the use of force by imposing the limits and qualifying the used of it.[5] Firstly, Art2(4)[6] extended the doctrine of non-intervention to all states and turning it into a universal norm. At the same time, it allows the members act in self-defence if an armed attack occurs in the States under Art.51.[7] This must be reported to the SC and SC retains its responsibility to take such action as it deems fit. Furthermore, the use of force is allowed under Chapter VII of the Charter in terms of collective security measures. Art42[8] permits the SC to take action by air, sea or land forces to maintain or restore international peace and security. Additionally, the council can adopt measures under Art41[9] such as disruption of economic relations or the severance of diplomatic relations. Before these actions could be taken, the council must first determine the existence of any threat or breach of the peace or act of aggressionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ under Art39.[10] Besides, Art40[11] requires the SC to take provisional measures to prevent the aggravation of the situation. After the determination of any measures, Art.43[12] indicates that UN members to contribute forces to the council by way of formal agreement. The first success of collective security mechanism is in the Gulf crisis 1990 whereby the sanctions were adopted for humanitarian ends. In the case of Iraqà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s invasion of Kuwait, the forces from member countries are available to stop and search vessels so that economic embargo in the Gulf can be effe ctive. This was authorised by SC under Resolution 661[13]. Resolution 687[14] that contained conditions for the ending of the conflict in the Gulf was agreed to by Iraq as part of the ceasefire arrangement.[15] This includes giving up certain types of weapons, not to develop or acquire nuclear weapons and liable for all damages as a result of the unlawful invasion. Due to non-compliance of Resolution 687[16], the SC continues to apply sanctions on Iraq. Prior to implementation of Resolution 687, the SC has adopted Art42 in Resolution 678 as Iraq failed to withdraw the forces from Kuwait after the invasion as required under Resolution 660[17]. This resulting the authorisation of member states co-operating with the Government of Kuwait to use all necessary means to evade Iraq forces from the territory of Kuwait. This effectively delegates the enforcement power to the states that willing to carry out necessary measures to achieve the objective.[18] The response shows that UN is ready t o respond to aggression. The UN is now prepared to follow the steps under the Charter to resolve the disputes peacefully before resorting to the use of armed force.[19] Operation of collective security can be seen in various situations as the SC actively engages themselves in the wider role of enforcement in regards to threat to the peace. During cold war period, the functionality of SC was affected as there is strong rivalry between the superpowers, any collective efforts through the UN is difficult to realise.[20] Therefore, any instances of humanitarian intervention were all unilateral actions by States individually without express authorization by the SC. The expanding scope of global human rights regimes in the post-Cold War era creates a suitable timing for a wider interpretation of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"threat of peaceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ which given to SC under Art.39. This development lead to authorisation of SC in regards to humanitarian intervention starting from Resolution 688[21].[22] Under this Resolution, SC claimed that Iraqà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s repression of Kurdish as creating a threat to international peace and security.[23] This effectively creates a legal authority for other nations to intervene Iraq for humanitarian purposes. The reaction of SC in Iraq situation represents the trend that principles of state sovereignty have lost the privileged status particularly when fundamental human rights are disregard.[24] The expansion of the interpretation of Chapter VII by SC is discovered in their efforts in domestic democracy building. In the post-Cold War, reduction of ideology friction enables SC to exercise its Chapter VII powers more frequently, in which it undertakes more ambitious peace building activities.[25] The strong western values in the SC resulting from the political influence of three permanent members (US, UK and French) led to the wide interpretation of Chapter VII in order to intervene in States for democracy building. The SC di d not oppose the request by Nicaragua for electoral assistance in 1989. As a result, UN had created a large-scale election verification mission to oversee the entire electoral process.[26] Additionally, the SC had used the power under Chapter VII to authorise the use of force to re-establish deposed democratic regimes.[27] Resolution 940[28] is passed allowing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"necessary forcesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ to restore Aristide government in Haiti where they were democratically elected but overthrew by a coup.[29] The recurrent use of sanctions by SC in exercising the power under Chapter VII shows effectiveness in maintaining international peace and security. Sanctions include embargo on international flight, arms embargo and reduction of diplomatic personnel under Resolution 748 were imposed on Libya as they failed to comply with extradition requests and provisions in Resolution 731.[30] SC had further expand the sanctions by freezing the asset of Libyan government, ban on impo rts of oil-transporting equipment and further reduction of diplomatic personnel under Resolution 883 as Libya failed to respond to the requests. This was effective as the objectives of the sanction measures were satisfied when Libya had finally agreed to fulfil the request of Resolution 731. [31] Another successful sanction is seen in the case of Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) as stated by Cartright and Lopez (2000). In light of deteriorating economic situation in Yugoslavia and threat of tighter regimes of sanctions, President Milosevic had agreed to stop the fighting in Bosnia and Resolution 1022[32] was lifted.[33] Towards the end of 90à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s, there are a series of events that challenge the collective security system established in Gulf crisis. The intervention by NATOà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Operation Allied Forceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in respond to massive gross violation of human rights against the Kosovar population without authorisation of SC lead to controversy.[34] On 24 March 1999, NATO began its air strike on FRY without raising the matter in SC. This raises the question of legality of the NATO intervention. The reasons put forward by NATO were the enforcement of resolutions (Resolution 1160[35], 1199[36], 1203[37]) by SC with unspecified sanctions in case of non-compliance and prevention of humanitarian disaster.[38] Hanspeter criticised that the arguments are not convincing as even though the SC determine the existence of threat based on Chapter VII, it does not allowed the Member States to take any actions without the endorsement of the SC beforehand.[39] After the air raids, Resolution 1244[40] was subsequently passed by the SC to allow deployment of forces in Kosovo. This resolution was viewed as indirect and subsequent authorisation; however, it is argued that nothing in the resolution pronounce the legality of the NATOà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s air strike. Some commentators contended that Resolution 1244 endorsed NATOà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s action ex post facto in a cautious manner.[41] It remains doubtful on whether humanitarian intervention can be fully endorsed by the international law as being a third exception of Art4(2). British Foreign and Commonwealth Office in 1986 contest the legality of humanitarian intervention and ICJ rejected US humanitarian intervention in Nicaragua.[42] Through the example of Kosovo intervention by NATO, it shows that States will go beyond the agreed perimeter of security system to achieve something they think is politically inevitable. Other criticisms of the collective security system are seen in the Afghanistan crisis 2001. In relation to terrorist attack on US, the SC had taken up the role under Chapter VII to proclaim that the attack amount to threat to international peace under Resolution 1368[43]. In Resolution 1373[44], SC further imposes measure on the Member States to adopt measures under their criminal law to prevent financial support for terrorism acts. T he SC in responding to this crisis merely adopt non-military measures, while US on the other hand adopt military measures against Afghanistan to remove Al-Qaeda and even Taliban government, claiming inherent self-defence under Art51 of the Charter. Academics have identified few ambiguities in which the SC failed to address even though they are within the Chapter VII.[45] Firstly, it is found that there are lacks of factual evidence of Al Qaeda and Talibanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s culpability when US is directing self-defence.[46] Besides, in exercising self-defence, the force required to be proportionate and immediate. The immediacy appears to lost where the response appeared to be in the shape of punitive reprisals instead of purely self-protection. Proportionality remains in doubt given that the attack on US was minor as it only involved building, but the responses by US were massive which includes removal of Taliban government. SC did not come out with further resolution to respond the ir finding of threat to international peace under Chapter VII. There is no clear indication of whether SC treats this as solely an Art.39 situation where authorisation measures are required or a Chapter VII Self-defence where they can come out with measures in appropriate time. The failure of SC in addressing the status of US self-defence amounts to its ambiguity to satisfy competing political demands. It appears that US is in control of the international peace instead of SC using its mechanism in dealing collectively. This response jeopardise the functionality of SC in regards to Chapter VII as self-defence is treated as outside the context and limits of the UN charter.[47] The case of war against Iraq in 2003 appears to challenge the collective security mechanism. The coalition of countries (US, UK and Australia) claims that Resolution 678 authorised the restore of international peace and security in the area. Resolution 687 outlined the condition that Iraq would have to accept for a cease-fire to come into effect, which includes disarmament. Subsequently, Resolution 1441[48] found Iraq to be in material breach of Resolution 687 and warned of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"serious consequencesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ for non-compliance. The coalition relied on the justification of the reactivation of Resolution 678. Majority of the Member states view that this resolution did not provide automatic authority for the use of force; it should be for the council to decide whether Iraq was in breach of Resolution 1441.[49] There is a further argument that pre-emptive self-defence validly legitimises the intervention. It is however argued that the pre-emptive self-defence would not work as US had failed to demonstrate a clear link between Iraqi and Al-Qaeda terrorist.[50] Clearly, SC in post-Iraq case is irrelevant in exercising limited ability to exert a pull towards compliance.[51] Glennon stated that this lead to states to consider whether it is wise to use force rather than whethe r it is lawful.[52] Lately, there are discussions on whether Libya intervention demonstrates a resurgence of international law through Resolution 1973[53]. This resolution authorised à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"all necessary means to protect civilians under the threat of attackà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Pierre identified that generally Libya intervention was done in accordance to international law under Resolution 1973.[54] However, this resolution was being criticised, as the language was vague to the extent that wide interpretation was adopted in regards to the intervention. It is unclear whether the extend of the intervention was within the confinement that intended by the SC in the resolution. In conclusion, the collective security system has its relevancy in solving the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s biggest problem relating to peace. Its effectiveness can be seen in the instances where SC expanded its power through wide interpretation of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"threat to the peaceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ that a llows collective security efforts to address humanitarian crisis and democracy building. After Gulf crisis, SC in few cases did not effectively enforce the power under Chapter VII in controlling used of force due to political reasons. The Libya intervention is seen as a return to a more traditional collective security. In this regards, SC should exercise their power accurately to allow the use of force by the member states within the perimeter that is best suited with the particular crisis. This will increase the confidence of member states in SC when they deal with international crisis. 2197 words Bibliography Primary Resources Statutes and Statutory Instruments Charter of the United Nations 1945 Council of Europe: Parliamentary Assembly, Resolution 1022 (1994) on the Humanitarian Situation and Needs of the Displaced Iraqi Kurdish population UNSC Res 660 (2 August 1990) S/RES/660 UNSC Res 661 (6 August 1990) S/RES/661 UNSC Res 687 (9 March 1991) S/RES/689 UNSC Res 678 (29 November 1990) S/RES/678 UNSC Res 688 (5 April 1991) S/RES/688 (1991) UNSC Res 940 (31 July 1994) S/RES/940 UNSC Res 1160 (31 March 1998) S/RES/1160 UNSC Res 1199 (23 September 1998) S/RES/1199 UNSC Res 1203 (14 October 2011) S/RES/2013 UNSC Res 1368 (12 September 2001) S/RES/1368 UNSC Res 1373 (28 September 2001) S/RES/1373 UNSC Res 1441 (8 November 2002) S/RES/1441 Secondary Resources Books Higgins Rosslyn, Problems and Process: International Law and How We Use It (1st edn, OUP, Oxford 1994) OisÃÆ' ­n Tansey, Regime-building: Democratization and International Administration: Democratization and International Administration (1st edition, OUP 2009) Cassis Antonio, International Law (2nd edition, OUP 2005) Dixon Martin, Textbook on International Law (7th edition, OUP 2013) Shaw Malcolm, International Law, (6th edition, CUP 2008) Journal Articles Pierre ThielbÃÆ' ¶rger , à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Status and Future of International Law after the Libya Interventionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2012) GJIL 11,48 Glennon, Michael J, Why the Security Council Failed (2003) Foreign Affairs 82(3): 16à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"35. Franck, Thomas M. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The power of legitimacy among nationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (1990) OUP Vol. 3. Malone, D.M., à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The International Struggle Over Iraq: Politics in the UN Security Council 1980à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"2005à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2006) OUP Eric P.J. and Nigel D., à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Twin Tower Attack: An Unlimited Right to Self-Defence?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2002) OUP 7 J. Conflict Sec. L. 5 Thomas M. Frank, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Terrorism and the Right of Self-Defenseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2001)The American Journal of International Law Vol. 95, No. 4 839,843 Neuhold, Hanspeter. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Collective Security after à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Operation Allied Forceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law (2000) 1, 102 V. Popovski, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Fighting the Colonel: Sanctions and the Use of Forceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2011) Jindal Journal of International Affairs Vol 1 148, 153 Judy A Gallant, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Humanitarian Intervention and Security Council Resolution 688: A Reappraisal in Light of a Changing World Orderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (1992) American University International Law Review Vol 7 881, 882 Kelly Kate Pease and David P. Forsythe, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Human Rights, Humanitarian Intervention, and World Politicsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (1993) HRQ Vol 15 1, 303 Saban Kardas, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Examining the Role of UN Security Council in Post-Cold War interventions: The Case for Unauthorized Humanitarian Interventionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2010) USAK Yearbook Vol3 55, 75 Christopher M. Ryan, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Sovereignty, Intervention, and the Law: A Tenuous Relationship of Competing Principlesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (1997) MJIS Vol.26 1, 79. Online Journals Claude Jr, Inis L, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Collective security as a n approach to peaceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2006) https://blackboard.angelo.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/LFA/CSS/Course%20Material/SEC6302/Readings/Lesson_8/Claude.pdf accessed 15 March 2015 Joseph C. Ebegbulem , à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢The Failure of Collective Security in the Post World Wars I and II International Systemà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2011) https://www2.hu-berlin.de/transcience/Vol2_Issue2_2011_23_29.pdf accessed 16 March 2015 Stephen M. De Luca, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Gulf Crisis and Collective Security under the United Nations Charterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (1991) https://digitalcommons.pace.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1021context=pilr accessed 15 March 2015 Victor D, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Pressuring Milosevic: Financial Pressure Against Serbia and Montenegro Part 1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2012) https://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Special-Feature/Detail/?lng=enid=154572tabid=1453376834contextid774=154572contextid775=154574 accessed 16 March 2015 Jeremy Farrall, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å "Building Democracy and Justice after Conflict: Working Paper No. 1 The Role of the UN Security Councilà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢(2010) https://regnet.anu.edu.au/sites/default/files/BD-WorkingPaper1.pdf accessed 16 March 2015 Alex J Bellamy, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Feature-Legality of the Use of Force Against Iraq, International Law and the War with Iraqà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2002) MJIL https://www.law.unimelb.edu.au/files/dmfile/downloadd4651.pdf accessed 16 March 2015 International Law and Politics CW 3 334743 [1] Claude Jr, Inis L, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Collective security as an approach to peaceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2006) https://blackboard.angelo.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/LFA/CSS/Course%20Material/SEC6302/Readings/Lesson_8/Claude.pdf accessed 15 March 2015 [2] Charter of the United Nations 1945, Article 1 [3] Joseph C. Ebegbulem , à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢The Failure of Collective Security in the Post World Wars I and II International Systemà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2011) https://www2.hu-berlin.de/transcience/Vol2_Issue2_2011_23_29.pdf accessed 16 March 2015 [4] R Higgins, Problems and Process: International Law and How We Use It (1st edn, OUP, Oxford 1994) 53 [5] Christopher M. Ryan, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Sovereignty, Intervention, and the Law: A Tenuous Relationship of Competing Principlesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (1997) MJIS Vol.26 1, 79. [6] Charter of the United Nations 1945, Article 2(4) [7] Ibid Article 51 [8] Charter of the United Nations 1945, Article 42 [9] Ibid Article 41 [10] Ibid Article 39 [11] Ibid Article 40 [12] Ibid Article 43 [13] UN Security Council, Resolution 661 (1990) Adopted by the Security Council at its 2933rd meeting, on 6 August 1990, 6 August 1990, S/RES/661 (1990) [14] UNSC Res 687 (9 March 1991) S/RES/689 [15] Malcolm N Shaw, International Law, (6th edition, CUP 2008) 1248 [16] UNSC Res 678 (29 November 1990) S/RES/678 [17] UNSC Res 660 (2 August 1990) S/RES/660 [18] Neuhold, Hanspeter. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Collective Security after à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Operation Allied Forceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law (2000) 1, 84 [19] Stephen M. De Luca, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Gulf Crisis and Collective Security under the United Nations Charterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (1991) https://digitalcommons.pace.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1021context=pilr accessed 15 March 2015 [20] Saban Kardas, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Examining the Role of UN Security Council in Post-Cold War interventions: The Case for Unauthorized Humanitarian Interventionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2010) USAK Yearbook Vol3 55, 75 [21] UNSC Res 688 (5 April 1991) S/RES/688 (1991) [22] Kelly Kate Pease and David P. Forsythe, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Human Rights, Humanitarian Intervention, and World Politicsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (1993) HRQ Vol 15 1, 303 [23] Judy A Gallant, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Humanitarian Intervention and Security Council Resolution 688: A Reappraisal in Light of a Changing World Orderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (1992) American University International Law Review Vol 7 881, 882 [24] Ibid 882 [25] Jeremy Farrall, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Building Democracy and Justice after Conflict: Working Paper No. 1 The Role of the UN Security Councilà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢(2010) https://regnet.anu.edu.au/sites/default/files/BD-WorkingPaper1.pdf accessed 16 March 2015 [26] ibid [27] Tansey OisÃÆ' ­n. Regime-building: Democratization and International Administration: Democratization and International Administration (1st edition, OUP 20 09) 29 [28] UNSC Res 940 (31 July 1994) S/RES/940 [29] Tansey OisÃÆ' ­n. Regime-building: Democratization and International Administration: Democratization and International Administration (1st edition, OUP 2009) 29 [30] V. Popovski, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Fighting the Colonel: Sanctions and the Use of Forceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2011) Jindal Journal of International Affairs Vol 1 148, 153 [31] ibid [32] Council of Europe: Parliamentary Assembly, Resolution 1022 (1994) on the Humanitarian Situation and Needs of the Displaced Iraqi Kurdish population, 27 January 1994, 1022 (1994) [33] Victor D, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Pressuring Milosevic: Financial Pressure Against Serbia and Montenegro Part 1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2012) https://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Special-Feature/Detail/?lng=enid=154572tabid=1453376834contextid774=154572contextid775=154574 accessed 16 March 2015 [34] Antonio Cassis, International Law (2nd edition, OUP 2005) 351 [35] UNSC Res 1160 (31 March 1998) S/RES/1160 [36] UNSC Res 1199 (23 September 1998) S/RES/1199 [37] UNSC Res 1203 (14 October 2011) S/RES/2013 [38] Neuhold, Hanspeter. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Collective Security after à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Operation Allied Forceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law (2000) 1, 98 [39] Ibid 99 [40] European Union: European Commission, Kosovo (under UNSCR 1244) 2007 Progress Report, 6 November 2007, SEC(2007) 1433 [41] Antonio Cassis, International Law (2nd edition, OUP 2005) 351 [42] Neuhold, Hanspeter. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Collective Security after à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Operation Allied Forceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law (2000) 1, 102 [43] UNSC Res 1368 (12 September 2001) S/RES/1368 [44] UNSC Res 1373 (28 September 2001) S/RES/1373 [45] Eric P.J. and Nigel D., à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Twin Tower Attack: An Unlimited Right to Self-Defence?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2002) OUP 7 J. Conflict Sec. L. 5 [46 ] Thomas M. Frank, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Terrorism and the Right of Self-Defenseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2001)The American Journal of International Law Vol. 95, No. 4 839,843 [47] Eric P.J. and Nigel D., à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Twin Tower Attack: An Unlimited Right to Self-Defence?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2002) OUP 7 J. Conflict Sec. L. 5 [48] UNSC Res 1441 (8 November 2002) S/RES/1441 [49] Malone, D.M., à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The International Struggle Over Iraq: Politics in the UN Security Council 1980à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"2005à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2006) OUP [50] Alex J Bellamy, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Feature-Legality of the Use of Force Against Iraq, International Law and the War with Iraqà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2002) MJIL https://www.law.unimelb.edu.au/files/dmfile/downloadd4651.pdf accessed 16 March 2015 [51] Franck, Thomas M. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The power of legitimacy among nationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (1990) OUP Vol. 3. [52] Glennon, Michael J, Why the Security Council Failed (2003) Foreign Affairs 82(3): 16 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"35. [53] UNSC Res 1973 (17 March 2011) S/RES/1973 [54] Pierre ThielbÃÆ' ¶rger , à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Status and Future of International Law after the Libya Interventionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2012) GJIL 11,48

What Citizenship Means to Me Essay - 784 Words

August Jason Babasa Fey Engl 1301 Feb. 01 2013 What Citizenship Means To Me So what does citizenship means to me? Is it just a piece of paper that says you are a citizen of a country or does it mean something more in a deeper level. When I was just a little boy my mother always talks about that when we move to the United States we should apply for citizenship immediately. As I was growing up here in the United States I slowly understand what citizenship means to me. Being a citizen for me is fulfilling my obligations toward my country, Living a lifestyle that benefits myself and my community and having good sense of patriotism. Fulfilling my obligations toward my country is what citizenship means to me. Obligations†¦show more content†¦Showing respect for our surroundings is another way of being a good citizen. Cleaning our surroundings and not littering around the area is one way to show our respect for our surroundings. 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